三层结构
三层结构是服务端开发中最为基础的一种结构,也是作为简单项目最为常见的一种结构。本文件将对“如何在三层结构中使用依赖注入”进行介绍。
三层结构简述
一般而言,三层结构可以描述为以下形式
graph TD
usl(USL 表示层,实现数据的展示操作) --> |调用|bll
bll(BLL 业务逻辑层,对核心业务逻辑进行实现 ) --> |调用|dal
dal(DAL 数据访问层,实现对数据的增删改查操作)
业务需求
本文需要实现的业务需求大致如下:
在控制台中展示学生的信息
代码演练
版本1,不使用接口
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Use_Dependency_Injection_In_Simple_Three_Layers
{
public static class Demo1
{
public static void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine($"开始运行{nameof(Demo1)}");
var studentBll = new StudentBll();
var students = studentBll.GetStudents();
foreach (var student in students)
{
Console.WriteLine(student);
}
Console.WriteLine($"结束运行{nameof(Demo1)}");
}
public class StudentBll
{
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
var studentDal = new StudentDal();
var re = studentDal.GetStudents();
return re;
}
}
public class StudentDal
{
private readonly IList<Student> _studentList = new List<Student>
{
new Student
{
Id = "11",
Name = "月落"
},
new Student
{
Id = "12",
Name = "Traceless",
}
};
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
return _studentList;
}
}
public class Student
{
public string Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public override string ToString()
{
return $"{nameof(Id)}: {Id}, {nameof(Name)}: {Name}";
}
}
}
}
简要分析。在绝大多数的场景下,这是最不可取的反例做法。详细的原因可以从下文的改造中得出。
版本2,使用接口,使用依赖注入
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Use_Dependency_Injection_In_Simple_Three_Layers
{
public static class Demo2
{
public static void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine($"开始运行{nameof(Demo2)}");
// 使用 StudentDal1
IStudentBll studentBll = new StudentBll(new StudentDal1());
var students = studentBll.GetStudents();
foreach (var student in students)
{
Console.WriteLine(student);
}
// 使用 StudentDal2
studentBll = new StudentBll(new StudentDal2());
students = studentBll.GetStudents();
foreach (var student in students)
{
Console.WriteLine(student);
}
Console.WriteLine($"结束运行{nameof(Demo2)}");
}
public interface IStudentBll
{
IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents();
}
public class StudentBll : IStudentBll
{
private readonly IStudentDal _studentDal;
/**
* 通过构造函数传入一个 IStudentDal 这种方式称为“构造函数注入”
* 使用构造函数注入的方式,使得不依赖于特定的 IStudentDal 实现。
* 只要 IStudentDal 接口的定义不修改,该类就不需要修改,实现了DAL与BLL的解耦
*/
public StudentBll(
IStudentDal studentDal)
{
_studentDal = studentDal;
}
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
var re = _studentDal.GetStudents();
return re;
}
}
public interface IStudentDal
{
IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents();
}
public class StudentDal1 : IStudentDal
{
private readonly IList<Student> _studentList = new List<Student>
{
new Student
{
Id = "12",
Name = "Traceless",
}
};
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
return _studentList;
}
}
public class StudentDal2 : IStudentDal
{
private readonly IList<Student> _studentList = new List<Student>
{
new Student
{
Id = "11",
Name = "月落"
}
};
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
return _studentList;
}
}
public class Student
{
public string Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public override string ToString()
{
return $"{nameof(Id)}: {Id}, {nameof(Name)}: {Name}";
}
}
}
}
简要分析。与版本1相比,通过定义接口和使用构造函数注入实现了BLL和DAL层的解耦。实现了DAL层的切换,这个过程中没有修改StudentBll
代码。
版本3,使用Autofac
using Autofac;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Use_Dependency_Injection_In_Simple_Three_Layers
{
public static class Demo3
{
public static void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine($"开始运行{nameof(Demo3)}");
// 使用 StudentDal1
var cb = new ContainerBuilder();
cb.RegisterType<StudentBll>().As<IStudentBll>();
cb.RegisterType<StudentDal1>().As<IStudentDal>();
var container = cb.Build();
var studentBll = container.Resolve<IStudentBll>();
var students = studentBll.GetStudents();
foreach (var student in students)
{
Console.WriteLine(student);
}
// 使用 StudentDal2
cb = new ContainerBuilder();
cb.RegisterType<StudentBll>().As<IStudentBll>();
cb.RegisterType<StudentDal2>().As<IStudentDal>();
container = cb.Build();
studentBll = container.Resolve<IStudentBll>();
students = studentBll.GetStudents();
foreach (var student in students)
{
Console.WriteLine(student);
}
Console.WriteLine($"结束运行{nameof(Demo3)}");
}
public interface IStudentBll
{
IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents();
}
public class StudentBll : IStudentBll
{
private readonly IStudentDal _studentDal;
/**
* 通过构造函数传入一个 IStudentDal 这种方式称为“构造函数注入”
* 使用构造函数注入的方式,使得不依赖于特定的 IStudentDal 实现。
* 只要 IStudentDal 接口的定义不修改,该类就不需要修改,实现了DAL与BLL的解耦
*/
public StudentBll(
IStudentDal studentDal)
{
_studentDal = studentDal;
}
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
var re = _studentDal.GetStudents();
return re;
}
}
public interface IStudentDal
{
IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents();
}
public class StudentDal1 : IStudentDal
{
private readonly IList<Student> _studentList = new List<Student>
{
new Student
{
Id = "12",
Name = "Traceless",
}
};
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
return _studentList;
}
}
public class StudentDal2 : IStudentDal
{
private readonly IList<Student> _studentList = new List<Student>
{
new Student
{
Id = "11",
Name = "月落"
}
};
public IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
{
return _studentList;
}
}
public class Student
{
public string Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public override string ToString()
{
return $"{nameof(Id)}: {Id}, {nameof(Name)}: {Name}";
}
}
}
}
简要分析。与版本2相比,只修改了Run
中的代码。因为在实际项目中,类之间的依赖关系错综复杂,有时特定的类需要注入多个接口,如果采用版本2的做法,则需要频繁修改new
的过程。使用Autofac
实现自动的依赖注入,无需自行管理实例,更为方便。
版本3需要通过nuget安装Autofac
总结
使用依赖注入,可以实现代码之间的解耦。通过解耦,可以实现代码之间的相互独立。使得代码的影响面变小,更加可控。